A Review on the Application of Fish Waste-Derived Peptone in Microbial Growth Medium and Its Extraction Methods

Abstract

Peptone is a partially hydrolysed protein molecule. Being hydrophilic in nature, it is extracted from protein sources and is the main ingredient in any nutrient agar medium. Conversions of fish waste into peptones will potentially bring the media cost down compared to using commercial peptone. Previous study states that the biosurfactant levels are superior in fish waste-based medium compared to the traditional media. Hence, fish-waste peptones can be used to promote microbial growth. The review aims to compare the amino acid content and peptone production from saltwater fish, freshwater fish and commercial peptone. As well as to determine the best peptone extraction method for the selected sources. The review was done systematically comprising formulation of questions and objectives, literature search, inclusion screening, quality assessment, data extraction and analysis. In comparison to Catfish (5.66 %) and River catfish (4.98 %), Swamp eel has higher peptone production (14.72 %) with amino acids content that can promote microbial growth. Asian swamp eel is common in Malaysia as it is consumed widely. For saltwater fishes, Mackerel is the best of the three examined due to its increased peptone production compared to Tiger groupers and Parrot fish. Overall, the swamp eel is the best source for peptones among the six species reviewed. Between the three methods compared, enzymatic hydrolysis (papain) shows to be the best method to extract peptone from swamp eels since peptones derived by acid hydrolysis have a poor concentration of amino acids. The research can be improved by giving more weights on cost of peptone as most research based on the yield and amino acid content. The review can help people in the aquaculture and biotechnology industry. This can increase fish farmers revenue and at the same can reduce the cost of buying commercial peptone for researchers.